Track 1: Antibiotics: Uses, Side effects, Allergies and Reactions  

Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections and consistently protozoan infections. (Metronidazole is efficient against a number of parasitic diseases). When an infection is suspected of being responsible for an illness but the responsible pathogen has not been identified, empiric therapy is adopted. This involves the application of a broad-spectrum antibiotic occupying on the signs and a symptom presented and is initiated pending laboratory results that can take a lot of days.

Antibiotics commonly cause the following side effects are diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, Rash, upset stomach.

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Track 2: Antibiotics by Drug origin

The first economically available antibacterial was Prontosil, a sulfonamide improved by the German biochemist Gerhard Domagk in the 1930s. Before this, in 1928, Alexander Fleming had invented the first antibiotic, penicillin, but it took over a decade before penicillin was introduced as a treatment for bacterial infections. This was possible through the work of Florey and Chain who managed to purify the antibiotic and scale-up production efficiently.

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Track 3: Common Infections treated with Antibiotics

Antibiotics are not the right choice for all infections. For example, most sore throats, cough and colds, flu or acute sinusitis are viral in origin (not bacterial) and do not require an antibiotic. These viral infections are “self-limiting”, meaning that your own immune system will commonly kick in and fight the virus off.

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Track 4: Developing new drugs: academic and industrial innovations

The scientific invention is a major rock for global medical service which includes both academic and industrial research. The drug discovery process involves both academic and industrial innovations.

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Track 5:  Infection Diseases

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites and may unfold between people. Infectious diseases square measure effected by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Microorganisms that cause un-wellness square measure conjointly specified to as pathogens. Pathogens cause un-wellness either by disrupting the body conventional processes and/or stimulating the system to provide a defensive response, leading to high fever, inflammation and different symptoms.

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Track 6: Micro-Organisms in Recent Drug Discovery

Environmental microbes are a leading source of drug discovery, and several microbial products ( anti-tumor products, antibiotics, immunosuppressants and others) are used frequently for human therapies. Most of these products were accessed from cultivable (<1%) environmental microbes, means that a large number of microbes were not targeted for drug discovery.

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Track 7: Antibiotics and their interactions

An antibiotic is a nature of antimicrobial phenomenon effective against bacteria and is the most important category of antibacterial agents for fighting bacterial infections. Antibiotic medications are generally used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the augmentation of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also acquire antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not adequate against viruses such as the general cold or influenza; drugs that inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.

List of Common Infections Treated with Antibiotics:

• Acne
• Bronchitis
• Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
• Otitis Media (Ear Infection)
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s)
• Skin or Soft Tissue Infection
• Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)
• Traveler’s diarrhea
• Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
• Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

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Track 8: Types of Antibiotics and importance

Most antibiotics fall into their individual antibiotic classes. An antibiotic class is a grouping of different drugs that have identical chemical and pharmacologic properties. Their chemical structures may look commensurate, and drugs within the same class may kill the same or related bacteria.

Antibiotics are generally classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those target the bacteria cell (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell layer (polymyxins), or prevent with necessary bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones and sulfonamides) have bactericidal actions. Protein synthesis inhibitors (macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines) are generally bacteriostatic (with the omission of bactericidal aminoglycosides).

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Track 9: Antibiotic Resistance: Prevention Mechanisms and control organisms

Antibiotic resistance is increased by the dissipate and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to decrease the impact and limit the spread of resistance.

To prevent and control the circulate of antibiotic resistance, individuals can:

• Only use antibiotics when recommended by a certified health professional.
• Never demand antibiotics if your health worker announces you don’t need them.
• Always follow your health worker’s guidance when using antibiotics.
• Never share or use leftover antibiotics.
• Prevent infections by frequently washing hands, making healthy food, avoiding close contact with sick people, practicing safer sex, and keeping vaccinations up to date.
• Prepare healthy food, following the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food (keep clean, separate organic and cooked, cook thoroughly, place food at secure temperatures, use safe water and organic materials) and prefer foods that have been produced without the use of antibiotics for growth promotion or disease prevention in healthy animals.

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Track 10: Role of long term Antibiotics & Antimicrobial in diseases

Antibiotics have been tested for the treatment of autoimmune diseases for over fifty years, based on the premise that infections play a role in the initiation and propagation of these entities. The antibiotics market was valued at USD 39.8 million in 2015 and is expected to witness a CAGR of 4.0% over the forecast period.

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Track 11: Antibiotic resistance in a one-health context and Causes

Antibiotic resistance plays an important and influence on one’s health as treating an antibiotic-resistant infection is difficult. The management of broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics by patients should be resolved after good consultation with a doctor. The unwanted usage of high doses also causes genetic mutation in bacteria leading to antibiotic resistance. It has been estimated that 700,000 to several million deaths result per year as the resistance is increasing globally as exposure to antibiotic drugs has increased in developing countries.

Reasons for the comprehensive use of antibiotics in human medicine include:

• Increasing universal availability over time since the 1950s
• Uncontrolled sale in many low or middle-income countries, where they can be obtained over the counter without a prescription, potentially resulting in antibiotics being used when not indicated. This may result in the emergence of resistance in any remaining bacteria.

Other causes include:

• Antibiotic benefits in livestock feed at minor doses for improvement promotion is an accepted practice in many industrialized countries and are known to lead to increased levels of resistance.
• Releasing huge quantities of antibiotics into the environment during pharmaceutical manufacturing through incompetent wastewater treatment increases the risk that antibiotic-resistant strains will develop and extended.
• It is uncertain whether antibacterial in soaps and other products share to antibiotic resistance, but antibacterial soaps are discouraged for other reasons.

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Track 12: The Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotic resistance invokes especially to the resistance to antibiotics that occurs in common bacteria that cause infection. The easy approach and capability of Antibiotics led to overuse in live-stock rising promotes bacteria to flourish resistance. This led to comprehensive problems with antibiotic resistance. World Health Organization (WHO) classified antimicrobial resistance as a serious hazard and no longer an indicator for the future.

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Track 13: Antibiotics in Different Industries

Antibiotics must be used accordingly in humans and animals because of both use share with the emergence, persistence, and escalation of resistant bacteria. Resistant bacteria in food- generating animals are of particular concern. Food animals play as a cause of resistant pathogens and resistance mechanisms that can directly or indirectly result in antibiotic-resistant infections in humans.

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Track 14: Applications of Antibiotics

Choice of related antibiotics is currently based on individual patient need.  Preservation of bacterial sensitivity needs perceptive of how antibiotics select resistance. ‘Ten commandments’ which might be considered carefully when a preference has to be made for antibiotic prescribing.

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Track 15: Drug Discovery and Novel Delivery Technologies

In the prior, most drugs have been invented either by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. A new access has been to recognize how disease and infection are controlled at the molecular and physiological level and to mark specific entities based on this knowledge. The process of drug discovery involves the identification of candidates, characterization, screening, synthesis, and assays for therapeutic efficacy.

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Track 16: Antibiotics for Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

New diseases are originating globally and old diseases are re-emerging as Infectious agents increase or spread, and changes occur in conservation, socio-economic conditions, and population patterns. Likewise, many diseases thought to be decently controlled appear to be developing a revival.

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Track 17: Alternative Strategies for antimicrobial resistance worldwide

There is a renewed interest in the antibiotic sector, which is evident from the most recent patents and investments. Bacterial vaccines and new antibiotic classes are achieving an exceptional amount of attention with several product candidates in clinical development. These new products are expected to change the outlook of the antibiotic sector to a large extent over the next 5 years. Several reports focus on anti-infective markets in general. This report, however, focuses absolutely on antibacterial, with a specific emphasis on the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance. It also includes a detailed analysis of the emerging technology trends, which give a clear picture of the future of the sector.

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Track 18: Current research in antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic overuse and misuse have led to a growing number of bacteria in humans, animals and the environment that are resistant to life-saving antimicrobial therapies. Urgent activity is needed to halt the progress of resistance, and to accelerate new treatments for bacterial infection.

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